Much of the dialogue in Oklahoma! comes directly from Lynn Riggs’s 1931 play Green Grow the Lilacs, which he wrote in France on a Guggenheim Fellowship. Riggs’s own voice was courtly and formal, but when he recalled the characters he heard in his Oklahoma youth, he heard them speaking in a particular dialect that he sought to represent.
“Their speech is lazy, drawling, not Southern, not ‘hick,’ ” Riggs notes in a stage direction, “but rich, half-conscious of its rhythms, its picturesque imagery.”
This imagery could be comic, as when Laurey teases Curly that she “heared someone a-singin’ like a bull-frog in a pond,” or barbed, when Curly goads Jud that “You c’n have muscles, oh, like arn—and still be as weak as a empty bladder—less’n you got things to barb your hide with,” or simply homespun, as when Aunt Eller warns Ado Annie that “time you’re old as me, you’ll be settin’ around, just the way I am, ’th a wooden leg and a bald head, and a-rippin’ up old floursacks to make yerself a pair of drawers out of.” Riggs’s cadences find the music in these laments; his goal, he wrote, was “to give voice and a dignified existence to people who found themselves, most pitiably, without a voice.”
When Oscar Hammerstein set out to write lyrics for Oklahoma! that, he said, would seem “to be, as much as possible, a continuation of dialogue,” he had to find that picturesque idiom as well. “Deriving from a source that is real, the whole production is lifted a plane above literal reality,” he wrote in a 1943 New York Times article about his composition process. A line like “All the cattle are standin’ like statues” from “Oh, What a Beautiful Mornin’ ” is quite literally picturesque; it turns the landscape into a figurative artwork for the speaker’s contemplation. And yet it stays within the register of a sharp cowhand who sees that “a little brown mav’rick is winkin’ her eye.”
From statues to winkin’, from art to flirtation, the language retains that “rich, half-conscious” awareness of a distinctly American folk poetry.
—Daniel Pollack-Pelzner
Reprinted from OSF’s 2018 Illuminations, a 64-page guide to the season’s plays. Members at the Donor level and above and teachers who bring school groups to OSF receive a free copy of Illuminations.